Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Review

Clinical practice recommendations for the use of next-generation sequencing in patients with solid cancer: a joint report from KSMO and KSP: Miso Kim, Hyo Sup Shim, Sheehyun Kim, In Hee Lee, Jihun Kim, Shinkyo Yoon, Hyung-Don Kim, Inkeun Park, Jae Ho Jeong, Changhoon Yoo, Jaekyung Cheon, In-Ho Kim, Jieun Lee, Sook Hee Hong, Sehhoon Park, Hyun Ae Jung, Jin Won Kim, Han Jo Kim, Yongjun Cha, Sun Min Lim, Han Sang Kim, Choong-Kun Lee, Jee Hung Kim, Sang Hoon Chun, Jina Yun, So Yeon Park, Hye Seung Lee, Yong Mee Cho, Soo Jeong Nam, Kiyong Na, Sun Och Yoon, Ahwon Lee, Kee-Taek Jang, Hongseok Yun, Sungyoung Lee, Jee Hyun Kim, Wan-Seop Kim; Received September 15, 2023 Accepted November 1, 2023 Published online January 10, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2023.11.01 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF: In recent years, next-generation sequencing (NGS)–based genetic testing has become crucial in cancer care. While its primary objective is to identify actionable genetic alterations to guide treatment decisions, its scope has broadened to encompass aiding in pathological diagnosis and exploring resistance mechanisms. With the ongoing expansion in NGS application and reliance, a compelling necessity arises for expert consensus on its application in solid cancers. To address this demand, the forthcoming recommendations not only provide pragmatic guidance for the clinical use of NGS but also systematically classify actionable genes based on specific cancer types. Additionally, these recommendations will incorporate expert perspectives on crucial biomarkers, ensuring informed decisions regarding circulating tumor DNA panel testing.

Original Articles

Diverse Immunoprofile of Ductal Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate with an Emphasis on the Prognostic Factors: Se Un Jeong, Anuja Kashikar Kekatpure, Ja-Min Park, Minkyu Han, Hee Sang Hwang, Hui Jeong Jeong, Heounjeong Go, Yong Mee Cho; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(5):471-481. Published online August 9, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.06.02

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Background
Ductal adenocarcinoma (DAC) of the prostate is an uncommon histologic subtype whose prognostic factors and immunoprofile have not been fully defined. Methods: To define its prognostic factors and immunoprofile, the clinicopathological features, including biochemical recurrence (BCR), of 61 cases of DAC were analyzed. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue microarray constructs to assess the expression of prostate cancer-related and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling-related proteins. Results: During the median follow-up period of 19.3 months, BCR occurred in 26 cases (42.6%). DAC demonstrated a wide expression range of prostate cancer-related proteins, including nine cases (14.8%) that were totally negative for pan-cytokeratin (PanCK) immunostaining. The mTOR signaling-related proteins also showed diverse expression. On univariate analysis, BCR was associated with high preoperative serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), large tumor volume, predominant ductal component, high Gleason score (GS), comedo-necrosis, high tumor stage (pT), lymphovascular invasion, and positive surgical margin. High expressions of phospho-mTOR (p-mTOR) as well as low expressions of PSA, phospho-S6 ribosomal protein (pS6) and PanCK were associated with BCR. On multivariable analysis, GS, pT, and immunohistochemical expressions of PanCK and p-mTOR remained independent prognostic factors for BCR. Conclusions: These results suggest GS, pT, and immunohistochemical expressions of PanCK and p-mTOR as independent prognostic factors for BCR in DAC. Since DAC showed diverse expression of prostate cancer–related proteins, this should be recognized in interpreting the immunoprofile of DAC. The diverse expression of mTOR-related proteins implicates their potential utility as predictive markers for mTOR targeted therapy.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Impact of Epithelial Histological Types, Subtypes, and Growth Patterns on Oncological Outcomes for Patients with Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer Treated with Curative Intent: A Systematic Review
Giancarlo Marra, Geert J.L.H. van Leenders, Fabio Zattoni, Claudia Kesch, Pawel Rajwa, Philip Cornford, Theodorus van der Kwast, Roderick C.N. van den Bergh, Erik Briers, Thomas Van den Broeck, Gert De Meerleer, Maria De Santis, Daniel Eberli, Andrea Faro
European Urology.2023; 84(1): 65. CrossRef
Impact of comedonecrosis on prostate cancer outcome: a systematic review
Kaveri T S Aiyer, Lisa J Kroon, Geert J L H van Leenders
Histopathology.2023; 83(3): 339. CrossRef
High GLUT1 membrane expression and low PSMA membrane expression in Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Intraductal Carcinoma of the prostate
Xingming Wang, Li Zhou, Lin Qi, Ye Zhang, Hongling Yin, Yu Gan, Xiaomei Gao, Yi Cai
Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Survival after radical prostatectomy vs. radiation therapy in ductal carcinoma of the prostate
Francesco Chierigo, Marco Borghesi, Christoph Würnschimmel, Rocco Simone Flammia, Benedikt Horlemann, Gabriele Sorce, Benedikt Höh, Zhe Tian, Fred Saad, Markus Graefen, Michele Gallucci, Alberto Briganti, Francesco Montorsi, Felix K. H. Chun, Shahrokh F.
International Urology and Nephrology.2022; 54(1): 89. CrossRef
Defining Diagnostic Criteria for Prostatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma at Multiparametric MRI
Weranja K. B. Ranasinghe, Patricia Troncoso, Devaki Shilpa Surasi, Juan José Ibarra Rovira, Priya Bhosale, Janio Szklaruk, Andrea Kokorovic, Xuemei Wang, Mohamed Elsheshtawi, Miao Zhang, Ana Aparicio, Brian F. Chapin, Tharakeswara K. Bathala
Radiology.2022; 303(1): 110. CrossRef
Oncological outcomes of patients with ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate receiving radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy
Mengzhu Liu, Kun Jin, Shi Qiu, Pengyong Xu, Mingming Zhang, Wufeng Cai, Xiaonan Zheng, Lu Yang, Qiang Wei
Asian Journal of Urology.2021; 8(2): 227. CrossRef
Ductal Prostate Cancers Demonstrate Poor Outcomes with Conventional Therapies
Weranja Ranasinghe, Daniel D. Shapiro, Hyunsoo Hwang, Xuemei Wang, Chad A. Reichard, Mohamed Elsheshtawi, Mary F. Achim, Tharakeswara Bathala, Chad Tang, Ana Aparicio, Shi-Ming Tu, Nora Navone, Timothy C. Thompson, Louis Pisters, Patricia Troncoso, John W
European Urology.2021; 79(2): 298. CrossRef
Optimizing the diagnosis and management of ductal prostate cancer
Weranja Ranasinghe, Daniel D. Shapiro, Miao Zhang, Tharakeswara Bathala, Nora Navone, Timothy C. Thompson, Bradley Broom, Ana Aparicio, Shi-Ming Tu, Chad Tang, John W. Davis, Louis Pisters, Brian F. Chapin
Nature Reviews Urology.2021; 18(6): 337. CrossRef
A first case of ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate having characteristics of neuroendocrine phenotype with PTEN, RB1 and TP53 alterations
Hiroaki Kobayashi, Takeo Kosaka, Kohei Nakamura, Kazunori Shojo, Hiroshi Hongo, Shuji Mikami, Hiroshi Nishihara, Mototsugu Oya
BMC Medical Genomics.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Knowing what’s growing: Why ductal and intraductal prostate cancer matter
Mitchell G. Lawrence, Laura H. Porter, David Clouston, Declan G. Murphy, Mark Frydenberg, Renea A. Taylor, Gail P. Risbridger
Science Translational Medicine.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Integrative Genomic Analysis of Coincident Cancer Foci Implicates CTNNB1 and PTEN Alterations in Ductal Prostate Cancer
Marc Gillard, Justin Lack, Andrea Pontier, Divya Gandla, David Hatcher, Adam G. Sowalsky, Jose Rodriguez-Nieves, Donald Vander Griend, Gladell Paner, David VanderWeele
European Urology Focus.2019; 5(3): 433. CrossRef
Genomic Characterization of Prostatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Identifies a High Prevalence of DNA Repair Gene Mutations
Michael T. Schweizer, Emmanuel S. Antonarakis, Tarek A. Bismar, Liana B. Guedes, Heather H. Cheng, Maria S. Tretiakova, Funda Vakar-Lopez, Nola Klemfuss, Eric Q. Konnick, Elahe A. Mostaghel, Andrew C. Hsieh, Peter S. Nelson, Evan Y. Yu, R. Bruce Montgomer
JCO Precision Oncology.2019; (3): 1. CrossRef

Practical Standardization in Renal Biopsy Reporting.: So Young Jin, Hyeon Joo Jeong, Sun Hee Sung, Beom Jin Lim, Jee Young Han, Soon Won Hong, Hyun Ee Yim, Yeong Jin Choi, Yong Mee Cho, Myoung Jae Kang, Kyung Chul Moon, Hee Jeong Cha, Seung Yeon Ha, Mi Seon Kang, Mee Young So, Kwang Sun Suh, Jong Eun Joo, Yong Jin Kim, Nam Hee Won, Moon Hyang Park; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(6):613-622.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.6.613

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
To standardize renal biopsy reporting and diagnosis, The Renal Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists (RPSKSP) has developed a renal pathology reporting format for the native and allograft kidney.
METHODS
A consensus checklist of a provisional renal biopsy format was sent to all members of the RPSKSP. Feed back opinions regarding the practical application of the checklist to the diagnostic work were received.
RESULTS
Kidney biopsies require three essential examinations: by light microscopy, immunofluorescence (IF), and electron microscopy (EM). A final report of a renal biopsy should include information on specimen adequacy and a description of the morphologic change using a systematic semiquantitative method for each of the compartments, with optional separate IF and EM reports.
CONCLUSIONS
A standard renal biopsy report format is important in establishing clinicopathologic correlations, making reliable prognostic considerations, comparing the findings in sequential biopsies and evaluating the effects of therapy.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Additional antihypertensive effect of magnesium supplementation with an angiotensin II receptor blocker in hypomagnesemic rats
Kyubok Jin, Tae Hee Kim, Yeong Hoon Kim, Yang Wook Kim
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2013; 28(2): 197. CrossRef
Clinicopathologic Features of IgA-Dominant Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis
Tai Yeon Koo, Gheun-Ho Kim, Hyang Park
Korean Journal of Pathology.2012; 46(2): 105. CrossRef

Second Opinion Diagnoses of Cytologic Specimens on Consultation : Asan Medical Center Experience.: Sohyung Park, Jae Y Ro, Kyung Ja Cho, Gyungyub Gong, Yong Mee Cho, Shin Kwang Khang; Korean J Cytopathol. 2008;19(2):99-106.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3338/kjc.2008.19.2.99

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Second opinion diagnosis of outside pathology slides is a common practice for efficient and proper patient management. We analyzed cytology slides from outside hospitals submitted for a second opinion diagnosis to determine whether the second opinion diagnosis had any influence on patient care.
METHODS
We reviewed 1,153 outside cytology slides referred to Asan Medical Center for second opinions from January, 2007, to December, 2007. All cases were categorized into three groups; no diagnostic discrepancy, minor diagnostic discrepancies (no impact on the management), and major diagnostic discrepancies (significant impact on the management and subsequent follow-up).
RESULTS
The thyroid was the most common organ system (933 cases, 80.9%). Forty cases (3.6%) belonged to the major diagnostic discrepancy group and 149 cases (12.8%) to the minor discrepancy group. For validation of second opinion diagnoses in major discrepancy cases, subsequent biopsy or surgical resection specimens and clinical information were reviewed, which were available in 29 cases. The second opinion diagnoses resulted in alteration of clinical management in 21 of 29 cases.
CONCLUSION
For all referred patients, second opinion diagnosis is important and mandatory for appropriate patient care.

Immunohistochemical Markers for Metastasis in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.: Kyungeun Kim, Cheryn Song, Jae Y Ro, Hanjong Ahn, Yong Mee Cho; Korean J Pathol. 2008;42(2):81-86.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is notorious for its high metastatic potential, and 30% of RCC patients present with metastatic disease at the initial presentation and 50% of them will develop metastasis or recurrence after radical surgery.
METHODS
In an attempt to identify the best predictive marker(s) for metastasis in patients with clear cell RCCs (CRCCs), we examined the expression patterns of 7 metastasis/prognosis-related markers by constructing a tissue microarray including primary CRCC specimens from 30 metastatic and 60 nonmetastatic CRCCs. The markers we studied were Ki-67, MUC1, CD44s, PTEN, gelsolin, CA9 and p53.
RESULTS
The expressions of Ki-67, PTEN, CD44s, gelsolin and p53 were increased, whereas those of MUC1 and CA9 were decreased in the metastatic CRCCs compared with the non-metastatic CRCCs. The receiver operating characteristic curve-area under the curve (AUC) value of Ki-67 was 0.671, which was the highest among the 7 markers. The optimal cut-off value, sensitivity and specificity of the Ki-67 expression were 1.67%, 86.7% and 41.7%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
These results demonstrate that the Ki-67 expression was increased in metastatic CRCCs, and it had the highest predictive value among the 7 markers. This suggests that Ki-67 could be an excellent predictive marker for metastasis in CRCC patients.

Immunohistochemical Profile of Acute Cellular Rejection in Renal Allograft.: Jongha Park, Seung Woon Byun, Eunsil Yu, Su Kil Park, Duck Jong Han, Yong Mee Cho; Korean J Pathol. 2007;41(1):15-20.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
We wanted to find an adjunctive marker(s) in renal allograft biopsies for predicting acute cellular rejection (ACR), and so the expression patterns of immune-related molecules were compared between ACR, borderline ACR and non-ACR cases.
METHODS
The expression patterns of Fas ligand (FasL), HLA-DR, granzyme B, caspase-3, CD56, interferon stimulated growth factor-3 (ISGF-3), and CD53 were assessed via immunohistochemical study in 75 allograft biopsies from patients with ACR (n=19), borderline ACR (n=22), and non-ACR (n=34).
RESULTS
Compared to those of the non-ACR group, the ACR group revealed an elevated number of FasL positive interstitial inflammatory cells, HLA-DR positive tubular inflammatory cells, cytoplasmic caspase-3 positive tubular epithelial cells, granzyme B positive interstitial mononuclear inflammatory cells and CD53 positive interstitial inflammatory cells. The expression patterns of the borderline ACR group were similar to those of non-ACR group, except for the intensity of FasL in the tubular epithelial cells.
CONCLUSIONS
Immunohistochemical investigations of the adjunctive markers FasL, HLA-DR, granzyme B, caspase-3 and CD56 can be useful for making the diagnosis of ACR.

Case Report

Mixed Ductal-Endocrine Carcinoma of the Pancreas: A Case Report.: Ok Jun Lee, Yong Mee Cho, Hyang Im Lee, Duck Jong Han, Jae Y Ro; Korean J Pathol. 2004;38(5):353-356.

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Abstract PDF: Mixed ductal-endocrine carcinoma of the pancreas is composed of ductal and endocrine carcinoma components and each component makes up a significant proportion in the primary tumor as well as in the tumor of metastatic sites. Mixed ductal-endocrine pancreatic carcinoma is exceptionally rare and, to our knowledge, only five cases have been reported in the literature. Recently we experienced a case of mixed ductal-endocrine pancreatic carcinoma with regional lymph node and hepatic metastases in a 63-year-old woman. Here, we report a case of mixed ductal-endocrine pancreatic carcinoma with a review of the literature.

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